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| 57. | There are various potential barriers to substitution and switching costs. Those barriers and costs may have a wide range of origins, such as contractual obligations, costs of searching for alternative products, uncertainty about the quality and reputation of alternative products, the costs of learning to use other products or of adapting own production processes, brand recognition, regulatory barriers or other forms of state intervention, the existence of network effects (83), the costs of data portability, the degree of interoperability (84) with other products, or other dependencies in relation to data, product integration or complementarities of usage.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-07 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.